COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis and Risk Factors: A Case-Control Study from Turkey

Abstract

Background: Mucormycosis, a fatal fungal infection, has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and posed significant challenges for clinicians. Objectives: Our research focused on identifying the clinical traits of patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), comparing them with a control group, and identifying risk factors for the development of CAM. Methods: Our study was conducted on 39 CAM patients and 78 control patients from September 2020 to October 2022 at a tertiary education center and regional hospital. The control group was selected blindly in a 1:2 ratio among patients who did not develop mucormycosis, were hospitalized due to COVID-19, and were either discharged or deceased. The control group was matched to the case group regarding age and hospitalization date. To test potential risk factors for CAM, we performed a binary logistic regression analysis. The variables included in the multivariate binary logistic regression model were gender, diabetes, cumulative steroid dose (dexamethasone equivalent), duration of steroid treatment, and tocilizumab/anakinra treatment. Results: In our study, 39 patients were diagnosed with CAM. The average age of the patients was 66 ± 11.5 years. Of the patients, 54.7% (n = 64) were male, with a statistically significantly higher proportion of men in the CAM group (74.4% vs. 44.9%, P = 0.003). The diabetes rate was 51.3% (n = 60) among all patients, and it was higher in the CAM group (69.2% vs. 42.3%, P = 0.006). Regarding in-hospital mortality, the rate was higher in the CAM group (56.4% vs. 14.1%, P < 0.001). The median length of stay in the hospital was 37 days for the CAM group and 10 days for the control group (P < 0.001). The cumulative steroid dose was elevated in the CAM group compared to the control group (191 ± 61.4 mg vs. 117 ± 69.8 mg, P < 0.001). The duration of steroid treatment was 16.5 ± 6.2 days in the CAM group, compared to 9.8 ± 4.7 days in the control group (P < 0.001). Among CAM cases, paranasal involvement was the most common (56.4%), followed by rhino-orbital involvement (33.3%). In binary logistic regression analysis, male gender (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4 – 11.3), diabetes mellitus (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.5 – 12.4), more than ten days of steroid use (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.3 – 22.4), and tocilizumab/anakinra use (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06 – 0.8) were identified as risk factors for the development of CAM (p values 0.011, 0.005, 0.019, and 0.020, respectively). Conclusions: Male gender, diabetes mellitus, and steroid use for more than ten days were identified as positive risk factors, while tocilizumab/anakinra use was identified as a negative risk factor for the development of CAM.