COVID-19 Associated Encephalopathies and Cerebrovascular Disease

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has had a dramatic impact on healthcare systems and a variable disease course. Emerging evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with central nervous system (CNS) disease. In this series, we describe CNS manifestations in critical COVID-19 patients at our tertiary academic center.METHODSA single center retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all patients admitted to our tertiary care academic center in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 22, 2020, who were in critical condition due to COVID-19 and developed new onset of neurological disease. Patients were grouped into one of three categories according to imaging and clinical features: encephalopathy, acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and vasculopathy.RESULTSA total of 27 of 76 (35.5%) critical COVID-19 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 59.8 years (range 35–91 years) and most had an underlying medical condition, including hypertension (63%), diabetes mellitus type 2 (52%), obesity (26%), and/or chronic kidney disease (22%). Sixty three percent had evidence of neurological injury on CT, 30% on MRI, 15% on non-invasive vascular imaging, and 44% on EEG. CT findings most often included subacute ischemic strokes, diffuse hypoattenuation, subcortical parenchymal hemorrhages, and focal hypodensities within deep structures. MRI findings included diffuse involvement of deep white matter, the corpus callosum, and the basal ganglia. For patients with acute ischemic stroke, vascular findings consisted of irregular proximal focal stenosis of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. Twenty patients (74%) were designated with COVID-19 associated encephalopathy, two (7%) with COVID-19 associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy, and five (19%) with COVID-19 associated vasculopathy.CONCLUSIONA one-day snapshot of COVID-19 admissions at a tertiary academic center in New Orleans, LA revealed a high percentage of patients with new neurological disease. Although clinical presentations varied, they were broadly categorized. A better understanding of the neurological sequalae and radiographic findings will help clinicians mitigate the impact of this disease.