COVID-19 and Periodontal Conditions — A Narrative Review of Implications for Oral Health Providers

Abstract

Background Studies suggest a possible role for oral dysbiosis and periodontitis as contributing factors to COVID-19. Based on current knowledge, this review summarizes the potential connection between COVID-19, oral pathogens, and periodontitis. It also describes gingival side effects of COVID-19 vaccines and discusses the likely rise in the prevalence of periodontal conditions due to the pandemic.Types of Studies Reviewed This study was designed as a narrative review. Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to May 2022 for articles in English addressing the link between oral bacteria, periodontitis, and COVID-19. All clinical studies addressing the link between periodontitis and COVID-19 were included.Results The anatomical connection between the oral cavity and the lungs through blood vessels and the pharynx provides a plausible pathway for microorganisms and inflammatory molecules to reach the respiratory tract from the oral cavity. Periodontal bacteria can trigger cytokine production and promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of host cells. Despite limited clinical studies, the potential for oral dysbiosis and periodontitis to intensify inflammation, thereby increasing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, should not be underestimated. Some patients can develop temporary gingival bleeding as a result of COVID-19 vaccines.Practical Implications Given the significance of oral health for general health and the potential for periodontitis and oral dysbiosis to make COVID-19 more severe and deadly, this is a highly relevant topic for health professionals and society.