COVID-19 and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Is the Placenta the Problem? [ID 2683611

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between COVID-19 infection in pregnancy and placental pathology in order to assess the mechanism of its association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study that compared placentas of patients who tested positive for COVID-19 during their pregnancy (n=70) to placentas of patients who tested negative for COVID-19 (controls, n=210). Patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and pregnancy complications were obtained from the electronic medical record. RESULTS: Compared with pregnancies negative for COVID-19 infection, maternal COVID-19 infection was not associated with increased incidence of placental pathology including acute funisitis, acute chorioamnionitis, chronic villitis, chorionic pseudocysts, decidual necrosis, Tenney Parker changes, intervillous hemorrhage, infarcts, villous calcifications, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, inflammatory changes, or vascular VTE changes. Based on the logistic regression analysis, after controlling for other variables in the model, the risk of developing HDP was 72.4% higher in patients who tested positive for COVID-19 versus those who did not (odds ratio 1.72; 95% CI [1.09, 2.73]; P=.02). CONCLUSION: Patients who test positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy have an increased risk of HDP. However, there is no association between COVID-19 infection in pregnancy and pathologic findings on placental histology. This suggests that COVID-19 does not exert its effects of increasing the risk of HDP via placental infection or inflammation. Rather, COVID-19 may contribute to the pathogenesis of HDP through cytokine storm, dysregulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, or systemic hyperinflammatory response.