Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes at the level of transcription by RNA polymerase II—that is, the synthesis of mRNA, which is destined to be translated into proteins. There are a nearly overwhelming number of factors that are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In spite of this complexity, it is possible to outline the general categories of factors and their functions. The growth, development, and maintenance of cells are dependent upon the proper regulation of gene expression. Each of tens of thousands of genes has its own unique program of activity that controls where, when, and how much each gene is to be expressed. The resulting pattern of gene expression specifies the identity and function of cells. Abnormalities in the regulation of gene expression result in cell death or in misregulated cell growth, such as the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in cancer. A variety of cis-acting DNA elements are involved in the control of gene activity.
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