Abstract
In recent years, due to industrial modernization and agricultural mechanization, several environmental consequences have been observed, which make sustainable development difficult. Soil, as an important component of ecosystem and a key resource for the survival of human and animals, has been under constant contamination from different human activities. Contaminated soils and sites require remediation not only because of the hazardous threat it possess to the environment but also due to the shortage of fresh land for both agriculture and urbanization. Combined or coupled remediation technologies are one of the efficient processes for the treatment of contaminated soils. In these technologies, two or more soil remediation techniques are applied simultaneously or sequentially, in which one technique complements the other, making the treatment very efficient. Coupling anodic oxidation (AO) and soil remediation for the treatment of soil contaminated with organics has been studied via two configurations: (i) soil remediation, ex situ AO, where AO is used as a post-treatment stage for the treatment of effluents from soil remediation process and (ii) soil remediation, in situ AO, where both processes are applied simultaneously. The former is the most widely investigated configuration of the combined processes, while the latter is less common due to the greater diffusion dependency of AO as an electrode process. In this review, the concept of soil washing (SW)/soil flushing (SF) and electrokinetic as soil remediation techniques are briefly explained followed by a discussion of different configurations of combined AO and soil remediation.
Highlights
An industrial revolution and increased agricultural mechanization in the last decades have had several consequences, including environmental issues and sustainable development
Among the existing combined techniques, soil washing (SW)/soil flushing (SF)/electrokinetic soil remediation coupled with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is a versatile and time-efficient treatment for remediation organic pollutant contaminated soils and it has been used globally over the years [2,12]
We provide a brief future perspective and concluding remarks
Summary
An industrial revolution and increased agricultural mechanization in the last decades have had several consequences, including environmental issues and sustainable development. The major soil contaminants include heavy metals and toxic anions, toxic organic compounds, and radionuclide [5] Heavy metal contaminants such as Cr, Hg, Cd, and Pb, as well as organic pollutants like volatile chlorinate solvent, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) have been reportedly found at different contamination levels in soils across the globe [6,7,8]. Among the existing combined techniques, SW/SF/electrokinetic soil remediation coupled with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is a versatile and time-efficient treatment for remediation organic pollutant contaminated soils and it has been used globally over the years [2,12].
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