Coupled Epidemio-Hydrodynamic Modeling to Understand the Spread of a Deadly Coral Disease in Florida

Thomas Dobbelaere,Erinn M Muller,Emmanuel Hanert,Lewis J Gramer,Daniel M Holstein

doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.591881

Abstract

For the last six years, the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) has been experiencing an outbreak of the Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD). First reported off the coast of Miami-Dade County in 2014, the SCTLD has since spread throughout the entire FRT with the exception of the Dry Tortugas. However, the causative agent for this outbreak is currently unknown. Here we show how a high-resolution bio-physical model coupled with a modified patch Susceptible-Infectious-Removed epidemic model can characterize the potential causative agent(s) of the disease and its vector. In the present study, the agent is assumed to be transported within composite material (e.g., coral mucus, dying tissues, and/or resuspended sediments) driven by currents and potentially persisting in the water column for extended periods of time. In this framework, our simulations suggest that the SCTLD is likely to be propagated within neutrally buoyant material driven by mean barotropic currents. Calibration of our model parameters with field data shows that corals are diseased within a mean transmission time of 6.45 days, with a basic reproduction number slightly above 1. Furthermore, the propagation speed of the disease through the FRT is shown to occur for a well-defined range of values of a disease threshold, defined as the fraction of diseased corals that causes an exponential growth of the disease in the reef site. Our results present a new connectivity-based approach to understand the spread of the SCTLD through the FRT. Such a method can provide a valuable complement to field observations and lab experiments to support the management of the epidemic as well as the identification of its causative agent.

Highlights

Coral diseases are a major threat to coral reef ecosystems and have led to significant declines in coral cover especially within the Caribbean region (Richardson et al, 1998; Sutherland et al, 2004; Aronson and Precht, 2001; Harvell et al, 2007; Brandt and McManus, 2009; Miller et al, 2009)
Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease was first documented off the coast of Miami-Dade County in the summer of 2014 by Precht et al (2016) and has since spread throughout the entire Florida Reef Tract (FRT) with the exception of the Dry Tortugas
As a result of their large weighted connectivity length (WCL) and fraction exchanged, barotropic currents on the other hand exhibited the largest mean out-degree, which indicates that they have the strongest dispersal potential

Summary

Introduction

Coral diseases are a major threat to coral reef ecosystems and have led to significant declines in coral cover especially within the Caribbean region (Richardson et al, 1998; Sutherland et al, 2004; Aronson and Precht, 2001; Harvell et al, 2007; Brandt and McManus, 2009; Miller et al, 2009). The loss of the branching Acroporid species was attributed primarily to a disease outbreak, termed white band disease (Aronson and Precht, 2001), but several other threats such as habitat reduction, eutrophication, overfishing, hurricanes, and bleaching likely all contributed to these species decline (Acropora Biological Review Team, 2005). Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease was first documented off the coast of Miami-Dade County in the summer of 2014 by Precht et al (2016) and has since spread throughout the entire FRT with the exception of the Dry Tortugas. The continued persistence of the outbreak, the high number of species affected, and the large geographical range of reports consistent with the case definition suggests that SCTLD is the largest coral disease outbreak on record

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