Coupled effects of irradiance and iron on the growth of a harmful algal bloom-causing microalga Scrippsiella trochoidea

Abstract

Effects of irradiance and iron on the growth of a typical harmful algal blooms (HABs) causative dinoflagellate, Scrippsiella trochoidea, were investigated under various irradiances (high light: 70 μmol m −2 s −1 and low light: 4 μmol m −2 s −1) and iron concentrations (low iron: 0.063 mg L −1, medium iron: 0.63 mg L −1 and high iron: 6.3 mg L −1), and evaluated by the parameters of algal cell density, specific growth rate, optical density and chlorophyll a content. The results indicated that there was significant difference in the cell density of dinoflagellate S. trochoidea between high light and low light intensity treatments across the entire experiments, 7-fold higher at high irradiance as compared with low irradiance, which was further enhanced by the iron concentration. It was found that the maximum cell density of 25 × 10 4 cell mL −1 occurred under the combination of high light intensity and high iron concentration, followed by 23 × 10 4 cell mL −1 in the combination of high light and medium iron, and 20 × 10 4 cell mL −1 in the combination of high light and low iron. There was no significant effect of iron concentration on the cell density under low light intensity. The cell density maintained about 3 × 10 4 cell mL −1 across all combinations of iron concentrations and low light in the end of experiments. Such interactive effects of light intensity and iron level dependent were also observed for the specific growth rate, OD 680 and chlorophyll a content of S. trochoidea. The maximum values of specific growth rate, OD 680 and chlorophyll a content peaked at the condition of high irradiance and high iron, which were 0.22 d −1, 0.282 and 0.673 mg L −1, respectively. In general, their values increased significantly with the increasing of iron concentration at high irradiance, whereas no significant difference was observed among three iron concentrations at low irradiance, all remaining approximately 0.06 d −1, 0.03 and 0.050 mg L −1, respectively. Those results suggest that there may be a strong interactive effect between irradiance and iron on microalgal growth and their physiological characteristics. The combination of high light and high iron concentration may accelerate algal cell growth and pigment biosynthesis, thus leading to massive occurrence of HABs.