Counting list homomorphisms from graphs of bounded treewidth: tight complexity bounds

Abstract

The goal of this work is to give precise bounds on the counting complexity of a family of generalized coloring problems (list homomorphisms) on bounded-treewidth graphs. Given graphs G, H, and lists L(v) ⊆ V(H) for every v ∊ V(G), a list homomorphism is a function f : V(G) → V(H) that preserves the edges (i.e., uv ∊ E(G) implies f(u)f(v) ∊ E(H)) and respects the lists (i.e., f(v) ∊ L(v)). Standard techniques show that if G is given with a tree decomposition of width t, then the number of list homomorphisms can be counted in time . Our main result is determining, for every fixed graph H, how much the base |V(H)| in the running time can be improved. For a connected graph H we define irr(H) in the following way: if H has a loop or is nonbipartite, then irr(H) is the maximum size of a set S ⊆ V(H) where any two vertices have different neighborhoods; if H is bipartite, then irr(H) is the maximum size of such a set that is fully in one of the bipartition classes. For disconnected H, we define irr(H) as the maximum of irr(C) over every connected component C of H. It follows from earlier results that if irr(H) = 1, then the problem of counting list homomorphisms to H is polynomial-time solvable, and otherwise it is #P-hard. We show that, for every fixed graph H, the number of list homomorphisms from (G, L) to H can be counted in time if a tree decomposition of G having width at most t is given in the input, and given that irr(H) ≥ 2, cannot be counted in time for any ∊ > 0, even if a tree decomposition of G having width at most t is given in the input, unless the Counting Strong Exponential-Time Hypothesis (#SETH) fails. Thereby we give a precise and complete complexity classification featuring matching upper and lower bounds for all target graphs with or without loops.