Abstract
Abstract For extraction from a liquid phase, countercurrent supercritical fluid extraction or supercritical fluid fractionation can be carried out. The liquid phase may be a liquid mixture, or a solution containing solutes which are solid at the extraction temperature, or a slurry of solid particles, such as microbial cells. The advantages of these processes are firstly that they are continuous and secondly that they are more efficient than a batch process, if well designed. Batch extraction is a single operation; countercurrent extraction and fractionation are processes in which there a number of stages or plates; and chromatography, described in the next chapter, has a large number of plates. Thus, in a sense countercurrent extraction and fractionation are intermediate between extraction and chromatography. The separation efficiency and costs of these processes increase in the order of extraction, countercurrent extraction/fractionation, and chromatography. It often makes economic sense to perform countercurrent extraction or fractionation as a preliminary stage to concentrate the compound of interest, before carrying out chromatography to obtain a very pure product.
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