Abstract
The problem of improving the criminal liability of the subjects of the Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century for espionage and spilling state secrets to a foreign state is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the problem under study for the effective functioning of the Russian state. The study is based on historical sources of a regulatory and legal nature and is interdisciplinary in nature. Particular attention is paid to the study of legal norms, the identification of the type and amount of punishments for the commission of espionage by Russian citizens and spilling the state secrets to a foreign state. It is indicated that in the second half of the 19th century, the intensity of intelligence of foreign secret services in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. It is noted that more and more often foreign powers involved Russian subjects in the process of obtaining Russian secrets. At the same time, the analysis of the sources made it possible to reveal a sufficient limitation of the institution of counteracting espionage and disclosure of state secrets to foreign states in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. It is proved that it was precisely these phenomena at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries that determined the authorities’ desire to progressively improve legal mechanisms that counteract threats and challenges to national security.
Highlights
Рассматривается проблема усовершенствования уголовно-правовой ответственности подданных Российской империи в конце XIX века за шпионаж и выдачу государственной тайны иностранному государству
S motivami, izvlechennymi iz obyasnitelnoy zapiski redaktsionnoy komissii, predstavleniya Ministerstva yustitsii v Gosudarstvennyy sovet i zhurnalov osobogo soveshchaniya, osobogo prisutstviya departamentov i obshchego sobraniya Gosudarstvennogo soveta [The Criminal Code of March 22, 1903, With the reasons extracted from the explanatory note of the editorial Commission, the submission of the Ministry of Justice to the State Council, and the journals of the special meeting, the special presence of the departments, and the general meeting of the State Council]. (1904)
Ulozheniye o nakazaniyakh ugolovnykh i ispravitelnykh [The Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments was most highly approved on August 15, 1845]
Summary
Рассматривается проблема усовершенствования уголовно-правовой ответственности подданных Российской империи в конце XIX века за шпионаж и выдачу государственной тайны иностранному государству. 7—9; Дворецкий и др., 2013; Жукова, 2013; Карева, 2016; Люлюкин, 2019; Путинцев, 2017; Родионова, 2012; Шелудько, 2017 и др.], в том числе на становлении уголовной ответственности за совершение преступлений, направленных против национальной безопасности России [Злыденко, 2015; Кабельков, 2018; Кудратов, 2019; Кулев, 2011; Мулукаев и др., 2018; Петров, 2015; Петров, 2016; Рябцев и др., 2014; Скоробогатов, 2013; Скрипкин, 2017; Францифоров, 2018].
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