Could Zonulin and Presepsin Be Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocarditis?

Abstract

The diagnosis of acute myocarditis is usually made with clinical and laboratory parameters. This can sometimes be mixed up with diseases that have similar clinical features, making the diagnosis difficult. Therefore, the use of more specific biomarkers, in addition to the classically used biomarkers such as troponin, will accelerate the diagnosis. In addition, these biomarkers may help us to understand the mechanism of myocarditis development and thus predict unpredictable clinical outcomes. This study aims to reveal the possible relationship between intestinal permeability and acute myocarditis. In this study, we wanted to evaluate serum levels of zonulin and presepsin in 138 consecutive subjects, including 68 patients with myocarditis and another 70 as the control group, matched for age, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors. P-values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Compared to the control group, zonulin and presepsin were significantly higher in the patient group with myocarditis (p < 0.001, for all). Zonulin levels were positively correlated with presepsin, peak CK-MB, and peak troponin levels (r = 0.461, p < 0.001; r = 0.744, p < 0.001; r = 0.627, p < 0.001; respectively). In regression analysis, presepsin and zonulin were determined as independent predictors for myocarditis (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001-1.003, p = 0.025; OR 12.331, 95% CI 4.261-35.689; p < 0.001; respectively). The predictive value of acute myocarditis of presepsin and zonulin in ROC curve analysis was statistically significant (p < 0.001, for both). This study showed that zonulin and presepsin could be biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis of myocarditis, and they can also be therapeutic targets by shedding light on the developmental mechanism of myocarditis.