Abstract

The abnormal growth of the craniofacial bone leads to skeletal and dental defects, which result in the presence of malocclusions. Not all causes of malocclusion have been explained. In the development of skeletal abnormalities, attention is paid to general deficiencies, including of vitamin D3 (VD3), which causes rickets. Its chronic deficiency may contribute to skeletal malocclusion. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of VD3 deficiency on the development of malocclusions. The examination consisted of a medical interview, oral examination, an alginate impression and radiological imaging, orthodontic assessment, and taking a venous blood sample for VD3 level testing. In about 42.1% of patients, the presence of a skeletal defect was found, and in 46.5% of patients, dentoalveolar malocclusion. The most common defect was transverse constriction of the maxilla with a narrow upper arch (30.7%). The concentration of vitamin 25 (OH) D in the study group was on average 23.6 ± 10.5 (ng/mL). VD3 deficiency was found in 86 subjects (75.4%). Our research showed that VD3 deficiency could be one of an important factor influencing maxillary development. Patients had a greater risk of a narrowed upper arch (OR = 4.94), crowding (OR = 4.94) and crossbite (OR = 6.16). Thus, there was a link between the deficiency of this hormone and the underdevelopment of the maxilla.

Highlights

  • The growth and development of jawbones are influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, dysfunctions, and parafunctions, such as thumb sucking and mouth breathing [1,2]

  • The positive effect of vitamin D on bone health has been known for a long time

  • It is believed to be closer to hormones than to vitamins because it is endogenously produced, and its action is mediating calcium–phosphate homeostasis

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Summary

Introduction

The growth and development of jawbones are influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, dysfunctions, and parafunctions, such as thumb sucking and mouth breathing [1,2]. The insufficient or excessive growth of the craniofacial bone leads to skeletal and dental defects, which, in turn, result in the presence of malocclusions. There are skeletal, dental, and mixed defects. Moyers et al distinguished six categories of malocclusions: hereditary, developmental of unknown origin, trauma, physical factors, habits, and diseases [2,3]. On the other hand, divided the causes of such abnormalities into general (heredity, endocrine disorders, systemic diseases, extrinsic factors, e.g., improper position of the fetus, mechanical pressure caused by e.g., tumor, avitaminosis, effects of drugs, etc.) and local (dysfunctions, parafunctions, caries, injuries, etc.) [2]

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