Abstract
Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage.
Highlights
Chemists Society (AOCS), official methods Ba 7-58 the free gossypol was determined in this study [30], whereas total gossypol was determined according to American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) official methods
The results showed that the number of extraction cycles has a great effect on Free Gossypol Reduction (FGR) at any time
The results showed that that by by increasing increasing the no. of of extraction extraction cycles cycles and and reducing reducing the the time, the Total Gossypol Reduction (TGR)
Summary
Cottonseed is the main by-product of cotton obtained after the ginning process. It constitutes a two-thirds portion of the seed cotton. Cottonseed has the potential to develop nutritional food supplements for human foodstuffs [1,2,3,4]. The development of these kinds of products from cottonseed has been restricted, primarily because of the presence of the toxic compound gossypol (2,20 -Bis(formyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3methylnaphthalene). Many studies determined that low levels of cottonseed meal can be
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