Abstract
The control of non-point source pollution (NPS) is an essential target in urban stormwater control. Green stormwater control measures (SCMs) have remarkable efficiency for pollution control, but suffer from high maintenance, operation costs and poor performance in high-intensity rainfall events. Taking the Guilin Road subwatershed in Rizhao, China, as a case study, a scheme for coupling gray and green stormwater control measures is proposed, and the gray SCMs are introduced to compensate for the shortcomings of green SCMs. The System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) model was employed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of three scenarios (green SCMs only, gray SCMs only, and coupled green–gray SCMs). The results show that the optimal solutions for the three scenarios cost USD 1.23, 0.79, and 0.80 million, respectively. The NPS control ability of the coupled green–gray scenario is found to be better than that of the other two scenarios under rainfall events above moderate rain. This study demonstrates that coupled green–gray stormwater control management can not only effectively control costs, but can also provide better pollution control in high-intensity rainfall events, making it an optimal scheme for effective prevention and control of urban non-point source pollution.
Highlights
Rapid urbanization and intensive human activity have resulted in an increase in impervious surfaces in most cities
Various stormwater control measures have been applied in practical projects, but some shortcomings arise with the application of either green or gray stormwater control measures alone
The cost and non-point source pollution control of coupled green–gray stormwater control measures (SCMs) were analyzed by comparing various scenarios for a site in the Rizhao economic zone using the SUSTAIN
Summary
Rapid urbanization and intensive human activity have resulted in an increase in impervious surfaces in most cities. Increasing amounts and types of pollutants are flushed from these surfaces and transported to drainage systems and downstream waters with surface runoff during rainfall events, causing severe non-point source or diffuse pollution. To solve this problem, a series of sophisticated stormwater control measures (SCMs), such as sustainable drainage systems (SUDs), water-sensitive urban design (WSUD), and best management practice (BMP) with low-impact development (LID) have been proposed and implemented around the world [1]. China introduced the concept of the sponge city in 2013, and gradually began to promote pilot projects for the construction of sponge cities in 31 cities starting in 2016. In April 2019, the evaluation standard for sponge cities was released, which stipulated the content and methods for the evaluation of sponge city construction
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