Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical vector-borne epidemic disease, and its transmission is a complex process. Zoonotic transmission to humans or animals occurs through the bites of female Phlebotominae sand flies. Here, reservoir is considered as a major source of endemic pathogen pool for disease outbreak, and the role of more than one reservoir animal becomes indispensable. To study the role of the reservoir animals on disease dynamics, a mathematical model was constructed consisting of susceptible and infected populations of humans and two types of reservoir (animal) and vector populations, respectively. Our aim is to prevent the disease by applying a control theoretic approach, when more than one type of reservoir animal exists in the region. We use drugs like sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate to control the disease for humans and spray insecticide to control the sand fly population. Similarly, drugs are applied for infected reservoir animals of Types A and B. We calculated the cost-effectiveness of all possible combinations of the intervention and control policies. One of our findings is that the most cost-effective case for Leishmania control is the spray of insecticides for infected sand fly vector. Alternate strategic cases were compared to address the critical shortcomings of single strategic cases, and a range of control strategies were estimated for effective control and economical benefit of the overall control strategy. Our findings provide the most innovative techniques available for application to the successful eradication of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the future.
Highlights
The disease leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in their vertebrate hosts, including humans
The Leishmania life cycle is confined to the digestive tract of sand flies, which become aggressively active during the warmer months in humid environments
In anthroponotic-type transmission, the sand flies are infected by a human during a blood meal, while in zoonotic transmission cycles animals serve as potential reservoir hosts [13]
Summary
The disease leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in their vertebrate hosts, including humans. Reservoir implication is difficult because it is often specific to the nature of the local domain of animal context, and it depends on many variables (e.g., host abundance and distribution, infectiousness to the sand fly vector), which are rarely investigated Domestic animals such as dogs can serve as reservoirs for the parasite. Transmission can occur from dog to sand fly, and from sand fly to human Another important reservoir is the rodent population, which can serve as the cryptic reservoir for the persistence of the endemic state of infection, as recently suggested by many new research works. In anthroponotic-type transmission, the sand flies are infected by a human during a blood meal, while in zoonotic transmission cycles animals serve as potential reservoir hosts [13]
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