Costal and crural diaphragm function during panting in awake canines.

Abstract

During natural panting for thermal regulation, the pattern of activation of the major respiratory muscles, including costal and crural diaphragm segments, is not known. We measured diaphragm segmental length, shortening, and electromyographic (EMG) activity in five chronically implanted canines awake and breathing spontaneously at rest and during a mild dry heat stress. During panting, minute ventilation increased fourfold from 5.07 l/min and respiratory rate increased from 16.9 to 192.8 breaths/min or 3.2 Hz. During panting, end-expiratory length of both costal and crural segments decreased, concurrent with significant increases in end-expiratory EMG. With the onset of panting, tidal costal shortening decreased significantly from 6.29% of end-expiratory length to 3.54%, whereas crural shortening decreased from 6.04 to 2.46%. Meanwhile, segmental EMG tended to increase during panting. During panting, intrabreath costal and crural segmental function revealed differential activation; the costal segment shortened in concert with inspiratory flow, whereas peak crural shortening occurred in expiration, almost 180 degrees out of phase with costal. The divergence in segmental shortening during panting was accompanied by a lesser shift in timing of segmental EMG. In the awake spontaneously panting canine, asynchronous costal and crural shortening may enhance gas mixing in a manner analogous to high-frequency ventilation.