Abstract
The negative impact of the automotive industry on climate change can be tackled by changing from fossil driven vehicles towards battery electric vehicles with no tailpipe emissions. However their adoption mainly depends on the willingness to pay for the extra cost of the traction battery. The goal of this paper is to predict the cost of a battery pack in 2030 when considering two aspects: firstly a decade of research will ensure an improvement in material sciences altering a battery’s chemical composition. Secondly by considering the price erosion due to the production cost optimization, by maturing of the market and by evolving towards to a mass-manufacturing situation. The cost of a lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: graphite) as well as silicon based lithium-ion battery (Cathode: NMC 6:2:2 ; Anode: silicon alloy), expected to be on the market in 10 years, will be predicted to tackle the first aspect. The second aspect will be considered by combining process-based cost calculations with learning curves, which takes the increasing battery market into account. The 100 dollar/kWh sales barrier will be reached respectively between 2020-2025 for silicon based lithium-ion batteries and 2025–2030 for NMC batteries, which will give a boost to global electric vehicle adoption.
Highlights
Throughout the last decades, the emission of greenhouse gases have increased dramatically; their negative impact on the climate has been demonstrated [1,2]
The 100 dollar/kWh sales barrier will be reached respectively between 2020-2025 for silicon based lithium-ion batteries and 2025–2030 for Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) batteries, which will give a boost to global electric vehicle adoption
To limit these adversary effects of climate change, several actions are undertaken on a worldwide scale, for example it has been agreed at COP21 in Paris to keep the temperature rise limited to maximum 2 ◦ C [3]
Summary
Throughout the last decades, the emission of greenhouse gases have increased dramatically; their negative impact on the climate has been demonstrated [1,2]. To limit these adversary effects of climate change, several actions are undertaken on a worldwide scale, for example it has been agreed at COP21 in Paris to keep the temperature rise limited to maximum 2 ◦ C [3]. To ensure a minimum of driving range a large, expensive battery is required for battery electric vehicles, explaining their high cost which is limiting its mass-adoption. The adoption towards battery electric vehicles mainly depends on the Energies 2017, 10, 1314; doi:10.3390/en10091314 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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