Abstract
A Multi-Source Electric Vehicle Charging Station (MS-EVCS) is a local entity that combines the grid energy with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) with the aim of reducing the grid impact due to electric vehicles (EVs) charging events. The integration of stationary and in-vehicle Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in MS-EVCSs has gained increasing interest thanks to the possibility of storing energy at off-peak hours to be made available at peak-hours. However, the ESS technology and the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept show several issues due to cost, battery life cycle, reliability, and management. The design of the MS-EVCS energy management system is of primary importance to guarantee the optimal usage of the available resources and to enhance the system benefits. This study presents a novel energy management strategy for Real-Time (RT) control of MS-EVCS considering DERs, stationary ESS, and V2G. The proposed energy management control allows defining the MS-EVCS control policy solving several cascaded-problems with the aim of achieving the minimum operating cost when the battery degradation and the stochastic nature of the sources are considered. The key feature of the proposed methodology is the lower computational effort with respect to traditional optimal control methodologies while achieving the same optimal solution.
Highlights
Nowadays, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are a key technology for efficiency improvement in several applications, such as industrial systems, grid infrastructures, Distributed Energy Sources (DESs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging infrastructures
In order to analyze the performances of the proposed energy management control, a Multi-Source Electric Vehicle Charging Station (MS-EV Charging Stations (EVCSs)), based on the structure of Figure 1a, has been modeled in the Matlab R programming language
The MS-EVCS is composed by a grid connection of 110 kW, a 120 kWp Photovoltaic Field (PV) field, a lead-acid Stationary ESS (S-ESS) having a capacity of 275 kWh, and a EV maximum load of 110 kW
Summary
Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are a key technology for efficiency improvement in several applications, such as industrial systems, grid infrastructures, Distributed Energy Sources (DESs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging infrastructures. The EMC can be designed to minimize the grid energy provision, the operative cost, and/or the grid impact [8,9,10]; while the degradation of the stationary ESSs due to repeated charge/discharge cycles cannot be neglected in the control design. A novel EMC based on the minimization of the operating cost of the MS-EVCS is proposed including the degradation costs of the ESSs and technical and economic constraints. The proposed Multi-Layer Dynamic EMC (ML-DEMC) is based on a heuristic approach that allows splitting the optimization problem into several cascaded sub-problems (layers) on the basis of the definition of a proper set of source-provision priorities, which are assigned in function of the given mission of the system.
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