Abstract
Over the recent years, surrogate modeling has been playing an increasing role in the design of antenna structures. The main incentive is to mitigate the issues related to high cost of electromagnetic (EM)-based procedures. Among the various techniques, approximation surrogates are the most popular ones due to their flexibility and easy access. Notwithstanding, data-driven modeling of antenna characteristics is associated with serious practical issues, the primary one being the curse of dimensionality, particularly troublesome due to typically high nonlinearity of antenna responses. This limits applicability of conventional surrogates to simple structures described by a few parameters within narrow ranges thereof, which is grossly insufficient from the point of view of design utility. Many of these issues can be alleviated by the recently proposed constrained modeling techniques that restrict the surrogate domain to regions containing high-quality designs with respect to the relevant performance figures, which are identified using the pre-optimized reference designs at an extra computational effort. This paper proposes a methodology based on gradient-enhanced kriging (GEK). It enables a considerable reduction of the number of reference points required to construct the inverse surrogate (employed in surrogate model definition) by incorporating the sensitivity data into the nested kriging framework. Using two antenna examples, it is demonstrated to yield significant savings in terms of the surrogate model setup cost as compared to both conventional modeling methods and the original nested kriging.
Highlights
Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools have become ubiquitous in the design of contemporary antenna systems [1]–[3]
The paper proposed a novel technique for surrogate modelling of antenna structures
The major computational benefit of the presented approach is a significant reduction of the number of reference designs necessary to render the first-level model, by a factor of two, or even three for the objective spaces of higher dimensions
Summary
Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation tools have become ubiquitous in the design of contemporary antenna systems [1]–[3] This is partially related to continuously increasing geometrical complexity of antenna structures and the necessity of including immediate environment of the radiators (e.g., connectors [4], housing [5]), and accounting for the phenomena that have non-negligible effects on operation (e.g. mutual coupling within antenna arrays [6] or MIMO systems [7], etc.). The former is a consequence of growing demands on antenna performance dictated by modern.
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