Cost-effectiveness of Tamoxifen, Aromatase Inhibitor, and Switch Therapy (Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy) for Breast Cancer in Hormone Receptor Positive Postmenopausal Women in India

Abstract

BackgroundBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women in India. Treatment with hormone therapy reduces recurrence. We undertook this cost-effectiveness study to ascertain the treatment option offering the best value for money.MethodsThe lifetime costs and health outcomes of using tamoxifen, AI and switch therapy were measured in a cohort of 50-year-old women with HR-positive early stage breast cancer. A Markov model of disease was developed using a societal perspective with a lifetime study horizon. Local, contralateral, and distant recurrence were modelled along with treatment related adverse effects. Primary data collected to obtain estimates of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and utility weights. Both health system cost and OOPE were included. The future costs and consequences were discounted at 3%. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used.ResultsThe lifetime cost of hormone therapy with tamoxifen, AI and switch therapy was to be ₹1,472,037 (I$ 68,947), ₹1,306,794 (I$ 61,208) and ₹1,281,811 (I$ 60,038). The QALYs lived per patient receiving tamoxifen, AI and switch were 13.12, 13.42 and 13.32. tamoxifen was found to be more expensive and less effective. As compared to switch therapy, AI for five years incurred an incremental cost of ₹259,792 (I$12,168) per QALY gained. At the willingness to pay equals to per capita GDP of India, there is 55% probability of AI therapy to be cost-effective compared to switch therapy.ConclusionIn postmenopausal women with HR-positive early-stage breast cancer, switch therapy is recommended for use on the basis of cost-effectiveness.