Cost-effectiveness of diabetes treatment sequences to inform step therapy policies.

Abstract

Cost-effectiveness estimates are useful to a health plan when they are specific to a utilization management policy question. To help inform a step therapy policy decision, this study assessed the 3-year cost-effectiveness of adding a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor versus switching to a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) in patients with type 2 diabetes who are on metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor from both private and public payer perspectives in the United States. Cost-effectiveness analysis. A decision-analytic model was built incorporating goal glycated hemoglobin (A1C) achievement as the effectiveness measure, as well as adverse effect and discontinuation rates from clinical trial data. One-way, scenario, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. In a cohort of 1000 patients, adding an SGLT2 inhibitor led to $3.9 million more in spending and 93 more patients reaching goal A1C compared with switching from a DPP-4 inhibitor to a GLP-1 RA. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $42,125per patient to achieve goal A1C from the private payer perspective. Using a public payer perspective led to an ICER of $103,829. These results were most sensitive to changes in drug costs and the proportion of patients achieving A1C goal or discontinuing. Assuming a $50,000 willingness-to-pay threshold, adding an SGLT2 inhibitor was cost-effective compared with switching from a DPP-4 inhibitor to a GLP-1 RA from a private payer perspective but not from a public payer perspective. This study highlights how differences in payer reimbursement rates for medications can lead to contrasting results.