Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as a promising technology that uses electricity to displace petroleum consumption in the vehicle fleet. This paper presents a comparison of the costs (vehicle purchase costs and energy costs) and benefits (reduced petroleum consumption) of PHEVs relative to hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. A detailed simulation model is used to predict petroleum reductions and costs of PHEV designs compared to a baseline midsize sedan. The analysis finds that petroleum reductions exceeding 45% per vehicle can be achieved by PHEVs equipped with 20 mi (32 km) or more of energy storage. However, the long-term incremental costs of these vehicles are projected to exceed US$8,000. A simple economic analysis is used to show that high petroleum prices and low battery costs are needed to make a compelling business case for PHEVs in the absence of other incentives. However, the large petroleum reduction potential of PHEVs provides strong justification for governmental support to accelerate the deployment of PHEV technology.
Highlights
TO PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESPlug-in hybrid electric vehicles have recently emerged as a promising alternative that uses electricity to displace a significant fraction of fleet petroleum consumption [1]
The total battery energy varies from approximately 1.5 kWh for the HEV0/PHEV2 to approximately 25kWh for the PHEV60
This paper has presented a comparison of the costs and benefits of Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) relative to hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and conventional vehicles (CVs)
Summary
TO PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESPlug-in hybrid electric vehicles have recently emerged as a promising alternative that uses electricity to displace a significant fraction of fleet petroleum consumption [1]. The vehicle can drive in a charge-depleting (CD) mode that reduces the system’s state-of-charge (SOC), thereby using electricity to displace liquid fuel that would otherwise have been consumed This liquid fuel is typically petroleum (gasoline or diesel), PHEVs can use alternatives such as biofuels or hydrogen. The California Air Resources Board uses the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) to measure the AER of PHEVs and provide a fair comparison between vehicles [2]. By this definition, a PHEV20 can drive 20 mi (32 km) all-electrically on the test cycle before the first engine turn-on.
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