Cost Analysis of Varenicline Versus Bupropion, Nicotine Replacement Therapy, and Unaided Cessation in Nicaragua

Abstract

Objectives: In Nicaragua, 30% of current morbidities are associated with tobacco smoking. Tobacco control policy measures have been initiated in this Central American country; however, the population does not have a complete understanding of the long-term consequences of tobacco use. The aim of this study was to compare the direct medical costs of smoking cessation therapies with varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy, and unaided cessation in Nicaragua over 5 time horizons: 2, 5, 10, and 20 years, and lifetime. Methods: The current annual costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke were estimated based on the current annual incidence for each disease using 1 public hospital database (Hospital Lenin Fonseca, 2010). The Benefits of Smoking Cessation on Outcomes simulation model was used to obtain the projected direct costs for each strategy. An adult cohort (N = 3 639 948) from Nicaragua was used and the assessment was conducted using the health care payer's perspective. Costs were discounted at 5% annually. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted using a Monte Carlo second-order approach. Results: Varenicline is associated with the highest health care cost-savings compared with the other 3 alternatives at 5, 10, and 20 years, and lifetime. At lifetime, varenicline would result in savings of US$4 545 008, US$5 859300, and US$11 033221 when compared with bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy, and unaided cessation, respectively. Varenicline also avoided the highest number of smoking-related deaths in comparison with the alternatives. At year 10, varenicline avoided 96, 124, and 234 more deaths than bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy, and unaided cessation, respectively. The results of probabilistic sensitivity analyses support these findings. Conclusion: The use of a smoking cessation therapy with varenicline would generate long-term savings to Nicaragua's health care institutions of > US$11 million in the lifetime time horizon.