Abstract
By the time Tommaso Stigliani published his 1628 epic, the Mondo nuovo, the new world project was well underway. While explorers continued to probe the interiors and examine the most distant peripheries of the Americas, the focus had shifted somewhat to the establishment of permanent colonies and the struggle for dominion in the newly discovered territories. Not surprisingly, this struggle often reflected parallel tensions in Europe.1 As France, England, Spain and the Netherlands vied for sovereignty on both sides of the Atlantic, so too did the papacy, in the wake of the Protestant revolution, seek to restore its former position of power. Its efforts in service of the Counter Reformation, however, were not restricted to the Catholic (re)conquest of Europe but rather, were also concomitantly aimed at exploiting the possibilities for the conquest of new spiritual territory even as the crowned heads of Europe staked their earthly claims. In this respect, the most obvious manifestations of papal colonial aspirations are the creation of the Jesuit order and the Franciscan missions to the New World.2 This project was underwritten by a
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