Abstract
Because gravitational lensing provides a unique tool to probe almost directly the dark matter, its use for cosmology is of considerable interest. The discovery of giant arc(let)s in clusters of galaxies (Soucail et al 1987, Lynds & Petrosian 1986, Fort et al 1988) or Einstein rings around galaxies (Hewitt et al 1988), and the spectroscopic proofs that they are produced by gravitational lensing effects (Soucail et al 1988) have revealed that gravitational distortion can probe with a remarkable amount of details the mass distribution of clusters (Tyson et al 1990, Kaiser & Squires 1993) and galaxies (Kochanek 1990).
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