Cosmic Rays and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR), GZK (Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin) cutoff, Deflection angle of high energy cosmic rays in the propagation through the galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, Auger Surface Detector and the Monitoring Data, Measurement of the Lifetime of Muons and Pions and The Variant Mass for a Particle in a Gravitational Field and the Binary Stars: The

Abstract

The Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water Cherenkov tanks sampling ground particles of air showers produced by energetic cosmic rays. Every water tank is equipped with three photomultipliers (PMTs). Every 7 minutes monitoring data are recorded from each surface detector to ensure that they are performing as intended and also to understand the detector behavior. The monitoring data set is used to study the evolution of parameters of the PMTs as a function of both time and temperature. The main objective of the monitoring data is to monitor the stability of the PMTs. In case there is abnormal behavior detected, an alarm entry is created in the database. The classification of the alarms into different categories, corresponding to the observed patterns of the PMT variables and the decision of the alarm level are subject of this work. It is also researched the photomultipliers parameters and the alarm creation with examples of it: the Free Disk and High PMT gain change Alarms using c++, root and mysql. For other hand, it is researched about the measurement of the lifetime of muons and pions theoretically, experimentally and with the application of Statistics for the uncertainties of the results. The results have high accuracy and in accordance with the values of the literature. In addition, it is to analyze theoretically the deflection angle of the high energy cosmic rays in the propagation through the galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields. It is used the magnetic force formula and the Larmor radius, trigonometry, and the tables for the values of the galactic and extragalactic magnetic field and the distances to the galactic and extragalactic sources. It is possible to observe from this analysis that the deflection angles are very small for the considered cases. Thus, UHECR arrival directions should point back to their sources in the sky. Besides, it is researched about the GZK (Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin) cutoff. A sharp cutoff at approximately several times 1019 eV in the energy spectrum of the cosmic rays is expected due to the energy degradation of the cosmic rays through their interaction with photons of the microwave background radiation. It is known as the GZK (Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin) cutoff. A nucleon with an initial energy above Eo=1020 eV lose about 1/5 of Eo (initial energy) in each interaction. Thus, a nucleon of initial energy above 1020 eV will reduce its energy to 6*1019 eV (GZK cutoff energy) after traveling a distance of approximately 50 Mpc. For other hand, Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” (Ist die Tragheit eines Korpers von seimen Energienhalt abhangig?): “If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/c2”. Thus, Maxwell's theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electron. Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces a decrease in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research [34] and at the research of the Variant Mass of the Electron at the Atom. This is true for any type of radiation emitted: electromagnetic or gravitational energy which produce a decrease in the mass of the body. Therefore, other objective of this article is to demonstrate the discovered formula which describes exactly the variant mass for a particle which emits gravitational energy. An example of the effect of this Gravitational energy emission is the light deflection for the light passing close the Sun (gravitational redshift frequency) and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury. Thus, the results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions. The results are in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star. It is in agreement with the experiment result and with the Theory of General Relativity.