Abstract
Cosmic ray primaries of charge Z > 2 and of energies high enough to penetrate at least 1 mm of spacecraft of spacesuit shielding — which is in the range of E > 10–35 MeV/u depending on their charge — are called HZE particles (Grahn 1973). They were discovered in 1948 by use of nuclear emulsions carried on high-altitude balloon flights (Freier et al. 1948). Since then, substantial information has accumulated on the spectral composition of their charge, energy and energy loss, the variation with solar cycle, the modification with orbital parameters and the attenuation by mass shielding (Heinrich and Beer, 1984; Benton, 1984, 1986; Reitz et al., 1986; Silberberg et al., 1984).
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
