Abstract
There are several reviews that separately cover different aspects of fish gelatin including its preparation, characteristics, modifications, and applications. Its packaging application in food industry is extensively covered but other applications are not covered or covered alongside with those of collagen. This review is comprehensive, specific to fish gelatin/hydrolysate and cites recent research. It covers cosmetic applications, intrinsic activities, and biomedical applications in wound dressing and wound healing, gene therapy, tissue engineering, implants, and bone substitutes. It also covers its pharmaceutical applications including manufacturing of capsules, coating of microparticles/oils, coating of tablets, stabilization of emulsions and drug delivery (microspheres, nanospheres, scaffolds, microneedles, and hydrogels). The main outcomes are that fish gelatin is immunologically safe, protects from the possibility of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth diseases, has an economic and environmental benefits, and may be suitable for those that practice religious-based food restrictions, i.e., people of Muslim, Jewish and Hindu faiths. It has unique rheological properties, making it more suitable for certain applications than mammalian gelatins. It can be easily modified to enhance its mechanical properties. However, extensive research is still needed to characterize gelatin hydrolysates, elucidate the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR), and formulate them into dosage forms. Additionally, expansion into cosmetic applications and drug delivery is needed.
Highlights
Gelatin is derived from the parent protein, collagen, which is a ubiquitous fibrous protein found extensively in the tissues of mammalian species
In order for fish gelatin to be used in industry, it must be tested for many required specifications such as amino acid composition, white degrees (which indicates the colour of the gelatin), gel strength, isoelectric point, ash content, water content, fat content, protein levels, and heavy metals content [26]
Fish gelatin/hydrolysates could be considered as a novel source of component that have future potential in skin anti-aging products
Summary
Gelatin is derived from the parent protein, collagen, which is a ubiquitous fibrous protein found extensively in the tissues of mammalian species. Collagen is the main constituent of connective tissues, bones, cartilages, tendons, skin, and scales [1,2,3,4] It is made of three strands and is considered a large protein that has a molecular weight around. The unique structure of collagen gives it a group of desired characteristics, such as rigidity, flexibility, and strength These are necessary for its function as the main protein in skin, bones, and tendons [5]. In order for fish gelatin to be used in industry, it must be tested for many required specifications such as amino acid composition, white degrees (which indicates the colour of the gelatin (clear and colourless)), gel strength, isoelectric point, ash content, water content, fat content, protein levels, and heavy metals content [26]. This review discusses the cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications of fish gelatin/hydrolysate
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