Abstract
As the transition to electric mobility is expanding at a rapid pace, operationally feasible and economically viable charging infrastructure is needed to support electrified fleets. This paper presents a co-simulation of optimal electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and techno-economic system design models to investigate the behaviors of various EVSE configurations from cost and technical aspects. While the system design optimization is performed for a grid-tied PV system, the optimal EVSE model considers all EVSE options that are currently installed at workplaces. To investigate the impact of the EV utilization rate, three fleet sizes are considered, which are generated based on real EV fleet data. Furthermore, the impact of electricity rates is also explored through an innovative business EV-specific (BEV) rate and a conventional time-of-use (ToU) tariff. It is shown that investing in grid-tied renewable energy technologies for workplace charging infrastructure supply can lower charging costs. Cost savings differ from EVSE types and fleet size under the BEV rate, while EVSEs display similar cost-saving behavior under the ToU tariff irrespective of fleet size. DC Fast Charging (DCFC) EVSE is found to be highly sensitive to fleet size as compared to AC EVSEs. Moreover, DCFCs make better use of the BEV rate, which makes their economics competitive as much as AC EVSEs. Finally, it is found that the fleet size and AC EVSE types have a minor effect on the use of renewable energy in contrast to the DCFC case.
Highlights
T HERE has been a trend towards transitioning to electrified fleets to meet zero-emissions mandates
The impact of various electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) configurations on the cost of charging energy and renewable energy use has been investigated for various electric vehicles (EVs) utilization rates through a proposed co-simulation of optimal EVSE and system design models
For the fleet sizes considered, AC L1 is found to be the best economics while DC Fast Charging (DCFC) might be competitive for large EV fleet sizes under the Business Electric Vehicle (BEV) tariff
Summary
T HERE has been a trend towards transitioning to electrified fleets to meet zero-emissions mandates. Global companies have already shown interest and committed to accelerating the transition to electric mobility by shifting their conventional fleets to electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. The lack of charging infrastructure and the demand charges in commercial and industrial rates associated with peak demand from charging loads are the most significant barriers to EV growth at workplaces. To overcome the demand charge barrier, some utilities have proposed EVspecific rates. This innovative approach bypasses the demand meter and requires installing a specific meter for charging station loads only [2]. While the idea is to shift charging loads towards periods of midday solar over-generation away from the peak, smart charging and scheduling are needed in order for the EV fleet owner to fully benefit from the rates in terms of cost savings [3]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
