Cortisol circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and with sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects

Abstract

Background: In this study we extended previous work by examining whether disturbances in the circadian rhythms of cortisol during the menstrual cycle distinguish patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) from normal control (NC) subjects. In addition, we tested the differential response to the effects of early and late partial sleep deprivation on cortisol rhythms. Methods: In 15 PMDD and 15 NC subjects we measured cortisol levels every 30 min from 6:00 pm to 9:00 am during midfollicular (MF) and late luteal (LL) menstrual cycle phases and also during a randomized crossover trial of early (sleep 3:00 am–7:00 am) versus late (sleep 9:00 pm–1:00 am) partial sleep deprivation administered in two subsequent and separate luteal phases. Results: In follicular versus luteal menstrual cycle phases we observed altered timing but not quantitative measures of cortisol secretion in PMDD subjects, compared with NC subjects: in the LL versus MF phase the cortisol acrophase was a mean of 1 hour earlier in NC subjects, but not in PMDD subjects. The effect of sleep deprivation on cortisol timing measures also differed for PMDD versus NC subjects: during late partial sleep deprivation (when subjects’ sleep was earlier), the cortisol acrophase was almost 2 hours earlier in PMDD subjects. Conclusions: Timing rather than quantitative measures of cortisol secretion differentiated PMDD subjects from NC subjects both during the menstrual cycle and in response to early versus late sleep deprivation interventions.