Abstract
A review of avian adrenal gland structure and adrenocortical hormone production is provided. Glucocorticoid synthesis, transport, secretion, and clearance are discussed. An overview of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the regulation of adrenocortical function, and the change in adrenocortical function with development, is given. The diurnal rhythm of corticosterone concentration and the effects of corticosterone on metabolism, the immune system, avian behavior, and electrolyte balance are reviewed. Corticosteroid use in birds is contrasted with use in mammals, and general clinical recommendations regarding corticosteroid administration to birds are made.
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