Cortical networks of parkinsonian gait: a metabolic and functional connectivity study.

Abstract

Locomotion is an automated voluntary movement sustained by coordinated neural synchronization across a distributed brain network. The cerebral cortex is central for adapting the locomotion pattern to the environment and alterations of cortical network dynamics can lead to gait impairments. Gait problems are a common symptom with a still unclear pathophysiology and represent an unmet therapeutical need in Parkinson's disease. Little is known about the cortical network dynamics of locomotor control in these patients. We studied the cortical basis of parkinsonian gait by combining metabolic brain imaging with high-density EEG recordings and kinematic measurements performed at rest and during unperturbed overground walking. We found significant changes in functional connectivity between frontal, sensorimotor, and visuomotor cortical areas during walking as compared to resting. Specifically, hypokinetic gait was associated with poor information flow from the supplementary motor area (SMA) to precuneus and from calcarine to lingual gyrus, as well as high information flow from calcarine to cuneus. Our findings support a role for visuomotor integration processes in PD-related hypokinetic gait and suggest that reinforcing visual information may act as a compensatory strategy to allow SMA-mediated feedforward locomotor control in PD.