Cortical microtubule rearrangements and cell wall patterning.

Yoshihisa Oda

doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00236

Abstract

Plant cortical microtubules, which form a highly ordered array beneath the plasma membrane, play essential roles in determining cell shape and function by directing the arrangement of cellulosic and non-cellulosic compounds on the cell surface. Interphase transverse arrays of cortical microtubules self-organize through their dynamic instability and inter-microtubule interactions, and by branch-form microtubule nucleation and severing. Recent studies revealed that distinct spatial signals including ROP GTPase, cellular geometry, and mechanical stress regulate the behavior of cortical microtubules at the subcellular and supercellular levels, giving rise to dramatic rearrangements in the cortical microtubule array in response to internal and external cues. Increasing evidence indicates that negative regulators of microtubules also contribute to the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array. In this review, I summarize recent insights into how the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array leads to proper, flexible cell wall patterning.

Highlights

Frontiers in Plant SciencePlant cortical microtubules, which form a highly ordered array beneath the plasma membrane, play essential roles in determining cell shape and function by directing the arrangement of cellulosic and non-cellulosic compounds on the cell surface
Plant cells are enclosed by cell walls composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin
The typical behavior of cortical microtubules, including severing, nucleation, depolymerization, and polymerization are regulated at subcellular and supercellular level to promote the rearrangement of cortical microtubule array

Summary

Frontiers in Plant Science

Plant cortical microtubules, which form a highly ordered array beneath the plasma membrane, play essential roles in determining cell shape and function by directing the arrangement of cellulosic and non-cellulosic compounds on the cell surface. Interphase transverse arrays of cortical microtubules self-organize through their dynamic instability and inter-microtubule interactions, and by branch-form microtubule nucleation and severing. Recent studies revealed that distinct spatial signals including ROP GTPase, cellular geometry, and mechanical stress regulate the behavior of cortical microtubules at the subcellular and supercellular levels, giving rise to dramatic rearrangements in the cortical microtubule array in response to internal and external cues. Increasing evidence indicates that negative regulators of microtubules contribute to the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array. I summarize recent insights into how the rearrangement of the cortical microtubule array leads to proper, flexible cell wall patterning

Introduction

Global Destabilization of Cortical Microtubules

Local Destabilization of Cortical Microtubules

Local Ordering of Cortical Microtubules

Conclusion and Perspectives