Abstract
This research measures and compares the cortical activity at baseline and during light stimulation (LS) in patients with strabismus and amblyopia (SA) and healthy controls (HCs), to understand the differences in its functionality and propose LS as a potential brain stimulator. This observational, longitudinal, prospective study enrolled 17 SA patients and 17 HCs from Querétaro, México. Electroencephalography (EEG) and digital brain mapping (DBM) were used to identify changes in frequency, voltage, and brain coherence. A total of 68 DBM was analyzed for this purpose. Our results indicate that at baseline, patients with strabismus and amblyopia present: i) lower frequency of alpha-wave activity ($p=0.029$ ) with an abnormal distribution within hemispheres, ii) theta-wave with a predominance in the frontal lobes, which relates these visual conditions to neurodevelopmental disorders, iii) higher values of low voltage ($p <; 0.001$ ) and lower values of and high voltage ($p=0.001$ ) iv) interhemispheric asynchronicity with a predominance in the left hemisphere. On the other hand, the administration of LS modulates the brain activity of SA patients by i) modifying high and low voltages ($p <; 0.001$ and 0.022 respectively), which define the anteroposterior gradient ii) eliminating theta-waves, iii) distributing alpha-wave activity towards the occipital lobes iv) bringing synchronicity between hemispheres. For the HC group, LS alters the distribution of alpha waves within hemispheres, and the state of interhemispheric synchronicity. There were no statistically significant changes in the frequency of the alpha-wave or the anteroposterior gradient. To summarize, LS provokes a state of malleability in the brain of SA patients, by increasing the cortical connectivity, enhancing neural activation and bringing to balance the interhemispheric communication, which converts it into a potential brain stimulator that should be considered as a complementary therapy in the treatment of these patients.
Highlights
Light is an electromagnetic wave capable of being perceived by the human eye and whose frequency determines its color, representing a fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum
Four parameters helped to identify the cortical activity of SA and HC groups: 1) the activity and distribution of the alpha-wave, 2) the interhemispheric synchronicity which represents the state of neural brain coherence (Figs 9-11), 3) the unexpected discovery of the theta-wave recorded at baseline in the SA group, and 4) the anteroposterior gradients which indicates low and high voltages in the brain
Considering that the presence of theta waves in the frontal lobes is generally observed in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, our findings suggest that strabismus and amblyopia might be considered as the result of dysfunctional cortical maturation
Summary
Light is an electromagnetic wave capable of being perceived by the human eye and whose frequency determines its color, representing a fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses an increasing order of frequency: microwaves, The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was G. Radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Visible light is part of a narrow band that ranges from 380 nm (violet) to 780 nm (red). The colors of the spectrum are arranged like in the rainbow, forming the so-called visible spectrum. The major applications of light are divided into three categories [1]: i) optical diagnosis: ophthalmic imaging, endoscopy, optical mammography, implants, wearable, oximetry, intravascular imaging, colonoscopy, diffuse tomography, among others; ii) laser
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