Abstract
In this study, graphene/silver nanowire (Gr/AgNW)-based, Fe-C coated long period fiber gratings (LPFG) sensors were tested up to 72 hours in 3.5 w.t% NaCl solution for corrosion-induced mass loss measurement under four strain levels: 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 µε. The crack and interfacial bonding behaviors of laminate Fe-C and Gr/AgNW layer structures were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and electrical resistance measurement. Both optical transmission spectra and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were simultaneously measured from each sensor. Under increasing strains, transverse cracks appeared first and were followed by longitudinal cracks on the laminate layer structures. The spacing of transverse cracks and the length of longitudinal cracks were determined by the bond strength at the weak Fe-C and Gr/AgNW interface. During corrosion tests, the shift in resonant wavelength of the Fe-C coated LPFG sensors resulted from the effects of the Fe-C layer thinning and the NaCl solution penetration through cracks on the evanescent field surrounding the LPFG sensors. Compared with the zero-strained sensor, the strain-induced cracks on the laminate layer structures initially increased and then decreased the shift in resonant wavelength in two main stages of the Fe-C corrosion process. In each corrosion stage, the Fe-C mass loss was linearly related to the shift in resonant wavelength under zero strain and with the applied strain taken into account in general cases. The general correlation equation was validated at 700 and 1200 µε to a maximum error of 2.5% in comparison with 46.5% from the zero-strain correlation equation.
Highlights
Corrosion is one of the most concerning issues that cause the deterioration of steel rebar and steel members in civil infrastructure
Fe-C coated long period fiber gratings (LPFG) was applied with three strained conditions (500, 1000 and 1500 με) and fixed on an 18 mm diameter holder with 20 MPa glue to take the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images
To examine spacing of the transverse cracks, SEM images were taken from one crack and sensor at each strain level
Summary
Corrosion is one of the most concerning issues that cause the deterioration of steel rebar and steel members in civil infrastructure. Conventional corrosion detection techniques mainly focused on the indirect measurement of moisture, humidity, corrosion-induced strain and stress, and electrochemical parameters such as open circuit potential (OCP) [1,2]. Fiber optic sensors have been developed for indirect corrosion detection due to its compact size, immunity to electromagnetic interference and robustness under harsh environments. Analysis (BOTDA) [4] were utilized to measure the corrosion induced strain on steel rebar. FBG sensor coated with a functional polymer layer was utilized for moisture measurement in concrete [5]. Even though these methods can measure the indirect parameters precisely, the correlation between these parameters and the mass loss of steel rebar or members remains unknown due to the complicated
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