Corrigendum to “Spatio‐temporal Variability and Trends in Extreme Temperature Events in Finland over the Recent Decades: Influence of Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns”

Masoud Irannezhad,Bjørn Kløve,Hamid Moradkhani

doi:10.1155/2019/4857504

Abstract

Fifteen temperature indices recommended by the ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) were applied to evaluate spatiotemporal variability and trends in annual intensity, frequency, and duration of extreme temperature statistics in Finland during 1961–2011. Statistically significant relationships between these high-resolution (10 km) temperature indices and seven influential Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns (NHTPs) for the interannual climate variability were also identified. During the study period (1961–2011), warming trends in extreme temperatures were generally manifested by statistically significant increases in cold temperature extremes rather than in the warm temperature extremes. As expected, warm days and nights became more frequent, while fewer cold days and nights occurred. The frequency of frost and icing days also decreased. Finland experienced more (less) frequent warm (cold) temperature extremes over the past few decades. Significant lengthening in warm spells was observed in Finland during 1961–2011, while no clear changes are found in cold spells. Interannual variations in the temperature indices were significantly associated with a number of NHTPs. In general, warm temperature extremes show significant correlations with the East Atlantic and the Scandinavia patterns and cold temperature extremes with the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation patterns.

Highlights

In recent decades, changes in climatic extremes have received considerable attention in international communities due to potential effects of floods, droughts, hurricanes, severe cyclonic storms, heat waves, and cold spells (e.g., [1,2,3,4,5])
Daily minimum and maximum surface air temperature (SAT) time series spatially interpolated onto 3322 regular grid (10∗10 km2) points across Finland for the years 1961–2011 (Figure 1(c)) were obtained from PaITuli-Spatial Data for Research and Teaching at the CS-IT centre for Science Ltd. website: http:// www.csc.fi/english. e Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) used daily minimum and maximum SAT measurements at 100–200 meteorological stations properly uniformly scattered throughout Finland (Figure 1(d)) as input to a spatial model [28] developed based on the kriging approach [29] to generate the Finnish daily gridded SAT datasets
For describing the modes of atmospheric circulations, this study considers seven influential teleconnection patterns for climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere based on previous studies. ese include the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the East Atlantic (EA), the West Pacific (WP), the East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR), the Scandinavia (SCA), and the Polar/Eurasian (POL) patterns

Summary

Introduction

Changes in climatic extremes have received considerable attention in international communities due to potential effects of floods, droughts, hurricanes, severe cyclonic storms, heat waves, and cold spells (e.g., [1,2,3,4,5]). Previous studies showed that changes in extreme temperatures are consistent with the climate warming at the global scale [6,7,8]. E most recent global analysis of trends in extreme temperatures shows decreases (increases) in cold (warm) extreme indices over majority of regions since 1900 (e.g., [7]). A recent analysis of trend detection in European extreme temperatures [2] confirms more warm days and nights as well as fewer cold days and nights over time during the 20th century. Ey concluded increases (decreases) in the intensity and frequency of high- (low-) temperature extreme events. A comprehensive evaluation of fine resolution spatial patterns of variability and trends in extreme temperatures over Finland is well motivated

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