Correlative polar auxin transport to explain the thinning mode of action of benzyladenine on apple

Abstract

Chemical thinning of young apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) fruit has become standard agricultural practice worldwide. The general understanding about the mode of action of thinning substances is, however, still very limited. Benzyladenine (BA), one of the most promising newer thinning chemicals has been chosen as an example to study its “mode of action”. The following aspects were investigated: (1) the site of action, (2) effects on seed number and development, (3) fruit and vegetative growth, (4) photosynthesis and (5) polar indoleacetic acid transport (IAAPAT). When BA was applied at 100mgL−1 on three apple cultivars on whole trees or leaves-only, thinning effects were comparable to or even stronger than hand thinning. BA applied only on fruit showed insignificant thinning. At June drop the weight of abscising fruit was comparable or even higher when treated with BA. Growth of remaining fruit was not affected until harvest when only fruit were treated. However, when leaves-only or whole trees were treated remaining fruit showed a decreased fruit growth initially but surpassed control fruit thereafter. No direct correlations were found between thinning efficacy and seed number, shoot growth, photosynthesis and by indirect conclusion, assimilate allocation. Thus, these assessments provided no clear explanation for a possible mode of action of BA. Remarkably, a decrease in IAAPAT of lateral fruit was opposed to an increase in IAAPAT of bourse shoot tips after BA application. This was only observed when leaves/shoot tips but not fruit only were treated. Assuming a correlative IAA transport autoinhibition (ATA) of fruit by the IAAPAT of shoots, particularly of bourse shoot tips, may explain fruit abscission and the mode of action of BA applications in apple. The latter aspects are discussed in more detail.