Abstract
A set of correlations has been developed to describe the pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) carbon conversions of six Eastern oil shales. Laboratory-scale fluidized-bed and thermogravimetric data were used to relate hydroretorting conditions and organic carbon conversions to oil, gas and residue. Conversions have been found to depend on temperature, hydrogen pressure and residence time over the ranges studied of 750–865 K, 0–7 MPa H 2 and 0–30 min, respectively. Gas yield increases with increasing temperature but is independent of changes in hydrogen pressure. Oil yield increases with increasing hydrogen pressure and has different relationships to temperature for the various shales. A single mechanism has been used to describe the carbon conversions of Alabama and Tennessee Chattanooga, Indiana and Kentucky New Albany, Michigan Antrim and Ohio Cleveland shales under PFH conditions. The mechanism includes the simultaneous conversion of carbon to gas, oil and active carbon species which can form oil or remain as residue carbon. Yields are predicted over the temperature, hydrogen pressure and resistance time ranges used in PFH processing.
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