Abstract
This study determines correlation of biofilm-forming bacteria for selected metals, antibiotics and dyes. Total 12 strains having biofilm production potential were targeted in this study. Majority of them were Gram negative excluding MB377 and MB378, and facultative anaerobes. Isolates were mesophilic and exhibited growth capacity over a wide variety of pHs. Almost all isolates conferred resistance capacity against a wide range of multiple antibiotics having 0.0063 MAR for bacitracin, ampicillin, clindamycin, amoxicillin and sulphamethoxazole. Bacterial isolates displayed tolerance to diverse variety of metals i.e. cadmium, lead and iron 1000 mg L-1, copper 600-1000 mg L-1, chromium 700-1000 mg L-1 and nickel 200-600 mg L-1. Maximum heavy metal tolerance of 0.033 was observed for all metals excluding nickel. Correlation among metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance was extremely significant for chromium and bacitracin 0.862. Furthermore, moderate relationship (r= 0.682) between copper resistance and Basic Green 4 dye degradation was observed. Correlation coefficient for cadmium and Acid Red 2 dye was recorded as 0.512, while that for bacitracin and Basic Green 4 was noted as 0.665. These correlations proposed that resistance conferring genes might be present on same locus, genetic elements, chromosome or on a plasmid. 16S rRNA sequenced isolates were identified to be Klebsiella pneumoniae MB375, Staphylococcus sp. MB377, Klebsiella oxytoca MB381, Klebsiella pneumoniae MB394 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398. Potential of these biofilm forming strains to thrive under stressed environmental conditions proves them good entrants for being used in bioremoval of polluted sites after further studies on their metabolic pathways.
Highlights
Microbial communities have the capability to thrive in all the ecological niches
Screening Congo red agar (CRA) method was used for evaluating the capability of bacteria to form biofilm, and appearance of black bacterial colonies on plate after incubation (2448 hrs) at 37°C showed the production of slime (Freeman et al, 1989)
Bacterial isolates were evaluated for their biofilm formation capability isolated from various polluted sites
Summary
Microbial communities have the capability to thrive in all the ecological niches. Among them bacterial species exist in various habitats including soil, water and other living organisms. Now-a-days bacterial biofilms gained a lot of attention because these microbes played a dynamic part in waste water treatment and remediation These bacteria degrade environmental pollutants and several organic compounds including petroleum oil, hydrocarbons as well as sewage water by forming Bio-Barriers (BBs) as reported by Irankhah et al (2019), Nancharaiah and Venugopalan (2019), Sehar and Naz (2016), and Sujana et al (2013). Due to inexpensive propagation with little nutrients input and abundant supply, these microbial species have gained more attention in the treatment of wastes and/or detoxification of contaminants, especially in developing countries where pollution producers are unable to afford the expensive high performance treatments (comprising of chemical and physical ones) With these facts in mind, current research was planned for phenotypic and biochemical identification of indigenous biofilm forming bacteria obtained from different ecological sources, their aptitude towards metal and antibiotic tolerance/resistance, potential to metabolize the provided dyes (sole carbon source) and identify correlation among dyes, antibiotics and metals
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