Correlation of the oxidation state of cerium in sol–gel glasses as a function of thermal treatment via optical spectroscopy and XANES studies

Abstract

Sol–gel glass matrices containing lanthanides have numerous technological applications and their formation involves several chemical facets. In the case of cerium, its ability to exist in two different oxidation states or in mixed valence state provides additional complexities for the sol–gel process. The oxidation state of cerium present during different facets of preparation of sol–gel glasses, and also as a function of the starting oxidation state of cerium added, were studied both by optical spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES). The findings acquired by each approach were compared. The primary focus was on the redox chemistries associated with sample preparation, gelation, and thermal treatment. When Ce 3+ is introduced into the starting sols, the trivalent state normally prevails in the wet and room temperature-dried gels. Heating in air at >100 °C can generate a light yellow coloration with partial oxidation to the tetravalent state. Above 200 °C and up to ∼1000 °C, cerium is oxidized to its tetravalent state. In contrast, when tetravalent cerium is introduced into the sol, both the wet and room temperature-dried gels lose the yellow–brown color of the initial ceric ammonium nitrate solution. When the sol–gel is heated to 110 °C it turns yellowish as the cerium tends to be re-oxidized. The yellow color is believed to represent the effect of oxidation and oligomerization of the cerium–silanol units in the matrix. The luminescence properties are also affected by these changes, the details of which are reported herein.