Correlation of salivary antibody to carbohydrate larval antigen (CarLA) with health and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in sheep under Ontario grazing conditions

Abstract

Leveraging mucosal immunity is a promising method for controlling gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism in sheep. Salivary antibody to carbohydrate larval antigen (sCarLA), a heritable measure of immunity to third-stage GIN larvae (L3), has been successfully applied to genetic improvement programs in New Zealand. However, sCarLA levels wane in the absence of ongoing GIN exposure. New Zealand’s temperate climate permits year-round exposure to L3, but cold winters in boreal regions such as Ontario, Canada interrupt exposure for five months or more. This study investigated associations between sCarLA levels, GIN parasitism, and indicators of overall health in sheep grazing under Ontario conditions. A commercial flock of 140 Rideau cross ewe lambs were followed from approximately 30 days of age in May 2016 until November 2017, including lambing and lactation in the spring of 2017. Every 6–8 weeks during the grazing season and at mid-gestation in March 2017, fecal egg counts were performed, blood collected to assess serum albumin, globulin, and hematocrit, and pasture samples obtained to confirm exposure to infective larvae. Measurements of sCarLA level were performed at the beginning, middle, and end of each grazing season, and at mid-gestation. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to compare sCarLA levels over time, and general linear mixed models created to evaluate associations between sCarLA levels, GIN fecal egg count, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum globulin. Levels of sCarLA followed a similar seasonal pattern to GIN fecal egg counts with a 6–8 week delay; much higher sCarLA levels were observed in the second grazing season. The proportion of the flock with detectable sCarLA (≥ 0.3 units/mL) was 68.3 % by the end of the first grazing season, declined over winter to 43.9 % at lambing, and approached 100 % after 3 months of grazing in the second grazing season. Correlations between sCarLA levels over time were consistently positive, of weak to moderate strength, and significant (p < 0.05). At all time points, sCarLA level was significantly (p < 0.001) and negatively associated with fecal egg counts. The flock displayed minimal variability in hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum globulin; none of which were significantly associated with sCarLA levels. These results suggest that sCarLA can be maintained over winter and is a useful measure of immunity to GINs in sheep under Ontario grazing conditions.