Correlation of pain sensitization with muscle strength and angular kinematics in women with patellofemoral pain

Abstract

BackgroundPatellofemoral pain has a poor long-term prognosis, which can be explained by a pain sensitization process. The pain sensitization process may be related to the increase of stress in the patellofemoral joint that is already associated with kinematic alterations and weakness in the musculature of the hip and knee. MethodsWere compared the pressure pain threshold, temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, angular kinematics, and muscle strength between 26 patellofemoral pain and 24 asymptomatic women and then correlated pain sensitization variables with biomechanical variables in pain group. The pressure pain threshold was determined on seven points of the knee, tibialis anterior muscle, and elbow. Ten consecutive stimuli were performed for temporal summation, and cold water was used as the conditioning stimulus for conditioned pain modulation. The strength of hip and knee muscles was determined using a manual dynamometer. Three-dimensional kinematics were evaluated during the lateral step down, considering peak and excursion values of the movement and the Movement Deviation Profile. FindingsThe pressure pain threshold of the elbow (2.13 [1.84–2.41] vs. 1.63 [1.25–2] kg/cm2), all sites of the knee were lower, as well as the Movement Deviation Profile was higher (9.33 [9.20–9.46] vs. 12.43 [12.1–12.75]) in the pain group. No difference in temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, muscle strength and discrete kinematic values were found. No significant correlation was found between the Movement Deviation Profile and pressure pain threshold. InterpretationBiomechanical factors, pain processing, and modulation in women with patellofemoral pain, when different from asymptomatic individuals, are not necessarily associated.