Abstract
IntroductionBlood biomarkers have not been widely studied in stroke-related seizures. In this study, we aimed to describe clinical factors and biomarkers present during acute stroke and to analyze their association with early-onset seizures. MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated a panel of 14 blood biomarkers in 1115 patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Biomarkers were normalized and standardized using Z scores. We also recorded stroke and epilepsy-related variables, including stroke severity (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] scores), type, and causes, time from onset of stroke to occurrence of early seizures, and type of seizure. Adjusted logistic regression models were built to identify clinical variables and biomarkers independently associated with early seizures. ResultsMean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 72.3 ± 13.2 years, and 56.8% of the patients were men. Thirty-eight patients (3.9%) developed early seizures with a median time to onset of 1 day (interquartile range (IQR), 0–4). A higher NIHSS score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.046; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001–1.094; p = 0.044) and hemorrhagic stroke (OR = 2.133; 95% CI: 1.010–4.504; p = 0.047) were independently associated with a greater risk of early seizures. Independent blood biomarkers predictive of early seizures were lower levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) (<0.013) (p = 0.006; OR = 3.334; 95% CI: 1.414–7.864) and higher levels of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (>0.326) (p = 0.009; OR = 2.625; 95% CI: 1.271–5.420). The predictive power of the regression model was greater when clinical variables were combined with blood biomarkers (73.5%; 95% CI: 65.1%–81.9%) than when used alone (64%; 95% CI: 55%–72.9%). ConclusionHigher NCAM and lower TNF-R1 levels may help predict the occurrence of early seizures. The combined use of these biomarkers and clinical variables could be useful for identifying patients at risk of seizures.This article is part of the Special Issue “Seizures & Stroke”
Published Version
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