Abstract
An overview of vitamins D3 and E suggests micronutrient deficiency contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was conducted to determine the status of plasma vitamins D3 and E isomers amongst diabetic Malaysians. Two groups were recruited for participation, one comprising fifty diabetic subjects (DM) and one comprising fifty non-diabetic (non-DM) subjects, in order to assess their plasma vitamin D3, calcium and vitamin E status. Glycaemic status (haemoglobin A1c, HbA1c; fasting blood glucose, FBG; C-Peptide) and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TC; triglycerides, TG; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C) were assessed, followed by anthropometric measurements. The Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to elucidate the association between levels of plasma vitamins D3 and E and T2DM. The vitamin D3 deficiency group (<20 ng/mL) showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with glycaemic status (HbA1c and FBG) and lipid profiles (HDL-C, LDL and TC). Spearman’s correlation demonstrated that vitamin D3 status is strongly correlated with HDL levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, plasma total vitamin E levels >4.9 μg/mL revealed significantly different FBG, HbA1c, C-Peptide, LDL, HDL and TC levels across both groups. Moreover, family history, smoking, waist circumference and HbA1c levels demonstrated a significant association (p < 0.05) with levels of vitamins D and E but not FBG and lipid profiles. This could be because the pre-diabetic status among the non-DM group influenced the outcomes of this study.
Highlights
IntroductionThe emerging evidence of the role of vitamins D and E in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) suggests that further insight is required
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Various recent studies have provided evidence of the association between deficiencies of plasma vitamins D3 [1,2,3] and E [4,5,6] and inflicting insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
The findings indicate a strong association between vitamin D3 and glycaemic status; HbA1c (9.45 ± 2.51%) and FBG (9.48 ± 3.19 mmol/L) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the DM group
Summary
The emerging evidence of the role of vitamins D and E in the development of T2DM suggests that further insight is required This present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between glycaemic status and deficiencies in levels of plasma vitamins D3 [16,17,18,19,20] and E [21,22]. Socio-demographic parameters (age, gender, ethnicity and education level), health status (smoking status and physical activity), medical background (family history of diabetes and predisposal to the disease) as well as biochemical measurements (glycaemic status and lipid profiles) have been studied to determine how these factors may impact levels of vitamins D3 and E and to ascertain prominent indicators of the T2DM condition.
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