Abstract
During insertion of dental implants, measurement of dynamic parameters such as the torque-depth curve integral or insertion energy might convey more information about primary stability than traditional static parameters such as the insertion or removal torque. However, the relationship between these dynamic parameters, bone density, and implant geometry is not well understood. The aim of this investigation was to compare static and dynamic implant stability measurements concerning three different implant designs when implants were inserted into bovine bone ribs and dynamic parameters were collected using an instantaneous torque measuring implant motor. Standard implant osteotomies were created in segments of bovine ribs. After measuring the bone density using the implant motor, 10 cylindrical, 10 hybrid tapered-cylindrical, and 10 modified cylindrical implants were placed, and their primary stability was assessed by measuring the torque–depth curve integral, along with insertion and removal torque. The relationship between these quantities, bone density, and implant geometry was investigated by means of regression and covariance analysis. The regression lines describing the relationship between the torque–depth integral and bone density differed significantly from those describing the relationship between insertion torque, removal torque, and bone density for all three designs. The torque–depth curve integral provides different information about immediate primary stability than insertion and removal torque and in certain clinical conditions might be more reliable than these static parameters for assessing implant primary stability. Further research should be carried out to investigate the findings of the present study.
Highlights
The absence of movement immediately after implant insertion is one of the most important factors affecting implant osseointegration [1,2]
The results of the present study indicate that the relationship between bone density and stability of implants with various shapes may vary significantly, depending upon which parameter primary stability of implants with various shapes may vary significantly, depending upon which is chosen to assess the primary stability
Results concerning insertion torque (IT) and reverse torque (RT) measurements are consistent with some but not all biomechanical Results concerning IT and RT measurements are consistent with some but not all biomechanical studies that have examined the relationship between primary stability and bone density when tapered studies that have examined the relationship between primary stability and bone density when and cylindrical implants have been placed in pig or bovine ribs or polyurethane bone blocks [8,35,36]
Summary
The absence of movement immediately after implant insertion is one of the most important factors affecting implant osseointegration [1,2]. Primary stability depends on a number of variables, including the bone quality and density at the placement site [3,4], the site-preparation protocol [5,6,7], and the implant geometry, both micro- and macroscopic [4,8,9,10]. Taking into account the bone density and quality at any given implant-placement site, the surgeon should choose the implant size and geometry that best fits the site. J. 2019, 7, 25 implant micro-movement below the 50–150 μm threshold and provide proper stability and prosthetic support in accordance with the planned loading protocol (delayed, early, or immediate) [2,11,12,13,14]
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