Correlation between Foot Arch Index and the Intensity of Foot, Knee, and Lower Back Pain among Pregnant Women in a South-Eastern Nigerian Community

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the arch height index of pregnant women and its correlation with foot pain, anterior knee pain, and lower back pain. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and fifteen consenting pregnant women participated in this cross-sectional study. The arch height index was assessed from their foot prints, while pain intensity was rated on a numerical rating scale. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation was used to determine correlations between the variables at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 215 pregnant women, 123 (57.2%) and 127 (59.9%) had low arch heights on the right and left feet, respectively, and the mean arch height indices were 0.27 ± 0.71 for the right foot and 0.28 ± 0.07 for the left foot. The prevalence of foot, knee, and lower back pain was 65 (30.2%), 43 (20.0%), and 93 (43.3%), respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis did not reveal any significant relationship (p > 0.05) between foot pain and each of the right (r = -0.010, p = 0.886) and left (r = 0.004, p = 0.955) arch indices as well as between knee pain and each of the right (r = 0.042, p = 0.536) and left (r = 0.045, p = 0.515) arch indices. A similar trend was observed for the lower back, which also did not show any significant relationship to each of the right (r = 0.026, p = 0.703) and left (r = 0.097, p = 0.157) arch indices. Conclusion: The study participants had a high prevalence of low foot arches, indicating pes planus. Lower back pain was more common than foot and knee pain. The foot arch heights did not show any relationships between the intensities of foot, anterior knee, and lower back pain.