Abstract
Based on climate change scenarios predicted for northwestern Mexico, an experiment was carried out during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 crop cycles, under field conditions in wheat, in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico. The assay consisted on canopy temperature increase by + 2 °C with respect to ambient temperature, using a temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) system for temperature manipulation and control. This experiment aimed to determine the existing correlation among vegetative and reproductive variables that can result precise indicators of warming tolerance. A total of 30 variables divided into: morphological (6), physiological (7), biochemical (8) and agronomic (9) indicators were evaluated, using CIRNO C2008 cultivar as experimental model. For each variable, the response index, in a total of five repetition each year, was computed. Results indicated that, during the vegetative stages, the most precise variables for heat tolerance evaluation were: dry matter, vegetal vigor, water potential, nitrate reductase and transpiration indexes; while during the reproductive stage were: grain and biomass yield, spike mass and vain grain per spike indexes. There was a positive correlation among the most majority of vegetative and reproductive variables, being water and osmotic potential indexes those with the greatest contribution to biomass and grain yield. From the 30 evaluated variables, water and osmotic potential, transpiration, grain yield and field water use efficiency indexes were the most precise indicator of heat tolerance in CIRNO C2008 under canopy temperature increase in + 2 °C.
Highlights
Heat stress has, nowadays, become one of the most important abiotic factors affecting agriculture worldwide (Asseng et al 2015)
The variables fresh matter accumulation index (FMI), dry matter accumulation index (DMI), vegetal vigor index (VVI), water potential index (WPI), SPI, glycine betaine content index (GBI), WPI, osmotic potential index (OPI), nitrate reductase activity index (NRI), HSCI, NDVI index (NDVII) and TRANI were the ones with greater contribution (46.21%) in the first component, while plant height index (PHI), photosynthesis index (PHOTOI) and leave water use efficiency index (LWUEI) contributed with 23.72% to the second component (Table 3)
The present study confirms the contribution of the initial development (FMI, DMI, VVI), the water regime (WPI, OPI) and the accumulation of osmotically active compounds (GBI and reduced glutathione activity index (RGI)) variables to the physiological performance of the plants
Summary
Nowadays, become one of the most important abiotic factors affecting agriculture worldwide (Asseng et al 2015). Around 59% of the world agricultural area is affected by this type of stress, where, in most cases, heat intensity exceeds the tolerance indexes of traditional crop species (Kurepin et al 2015). The expected increases in global temperature impact these ecosystems (IPCC 2014). This factors combination exacerbates plants physiological and yield performance of several basic crops, such as wheat (Argentel-Martínez et al 2019). Asseng et al (2015) reported that wheat will be one of the most affected crops by heat stress in Warming is a common stress generally overlooked by producers (Rezaei et al 2018); it modifies the initial development, vegetation index, water regime, transpiration rate, hormonal metabolism, photosynthesisrespiration balance, water use efficiency, protein synthesis, enzymatic activity (Thomason et al 2018), time of phenophase occurrence (Garatuza-Payan et al 2018) and, decreases grain and industrial yields (Yang et al 2017). Asseng et al (2015) reported that wheat will be one of the most affected crops by heat stress in
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