Abstract
Electrochemical studies demonstrate a strong correlation between the phenomena of hysteresis and voltage fade in lithium- and manganese-rich layered transition-metal oxide electrodes. A mechanism is proposed that entails both the reversible and irreversible migration of transition metal ions. Their reversible migration to a metastable configuration, suggested to involve the occupation of tetrahedral sites in the lithium layer, is manifested as a 1V hysteresis in site energy for 10–15% of the lithium content. The irreversible migration of the transition metal ions through the metastable ‘hysteresis’ sites to localized and lower energy cubic environments results in the observed voltage fade phenomenon.
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