Abstract
Psychology In 2003, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessed 8th graders on standardized math and science tests. The median score by country for boys was 516 and for girls 506. Nosek et al. have studied the relation between gender stereotyping in the general
Highlights
Land plants have evolved a variety of specialized adaptations to gather nutrients from unlikely substrates, such as Amazonian trees whose roots grow upward on the bark of neighboring trees
Might the formation and maintenance of such clusters occur via stochastic assembly? To test this idea, Greenfield et al used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) to count single fluorophore-tagged receptors with an optical resolution of 15 nm
A mathematical model in which the receptors are inserted randomly into the membrane, but can be captured and incorporated into existing clusters, accounted for the observed distribution and predicted that the density of new clusters would be highest at a point farthest from a large cluster
Summary
Land plants have evolved a variety of specialized adaptations to gather nutrients from unlikely substrates, such as Amazonian trees whose roots grow upward on the bark of neighboring trees. The latest discovery—the snow roots of an alpine plant—comes from 2800 m in the Caucasus Mountains. Onipchenko et al found that the herbaceous plant Corydalis conorhiza (a member of the poppy family) produces extensive networks of roots that grow upward and laterally into the snowpack that carpets the high slopes until the July thaw. Isotope experiments showed that these roots, which are anatomically distinct from the normal roots that grow downward into the soil, take up nitrogen directly from the snowpack, exploiting a resource that would otherwise disappear down the mountainside during the brief summer.
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